Enlaces

RELATIVE CLAUSES
Qué Personas Animales, cosas... Who Which Ejemplos A know a girl who speaks 5 languages Tim has a dog which play football
Where	Dónde
I have been in a place where I met Asensio
When	Cuándo
This is the time when we met
Whose	Cuyo/a/os/as
The boy whose father is an actor is my friend

RELATIVOS CON PREPOSICIONES
The boy, (who) you were talking about, is my friend
The boy, about who you were talking is my friend

OMISIÓN DEL RELATIVO
El relativo se omite cuando funciona de mero conector y no como sujeto de la oración
The boy (that) you yesterday is my cousin
The boy that played the guitar is my cousin
When / Where / Whose / Why / What no se suprimen nunca
No se puede suprimir cuando va entre comas
No se puede suprimir cuando hay una preposición

---

SOME/ANY
SOME	ANY
Afirmativas	Negativas e interrogativas
Algo de/ algunos/as	Nada de / algo de
There is some bread Hay algo de pan	There isn't any bread No hay nada de pan
There are some children Hay algunos niños	Is there any bread? ¿Hay algo de pan?

COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE
COUNTABLE		UNCOUNTABLE
Singular	Plural
A/An	(Too) many	(Too) much
Un/a	Muchos/as / Demasiados/as	Mucho/a / Demasiado/a
		There is much bread Hay mucho pan
		There is too much bread Hay demasiado pan
	(A) few	A little
	(Unos) pocos/as	Un poco/a
	There are few cars Hay pocos coches	There is little bread Hay poco pan
	There are a few cars Hay unos pocos coches
	A lot of
	Muchos/as
	Grandes cantidades (un montón)

TOO/ENOUGH
TOO	ENOUGH
Demasiado	Suficiente/Bastante
Too + adjetivo	Adjetivo + enough
Too old Demasiado viejo	Old enough Suficientemente mayor
Too much (Incont) /many (Cont) + SUST	Enough + SUST
Too much water Too many people	Enough people

---

PRESENT PERFECT
Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
Suj + Have/Has + Vparticipio	Suj + Have/Has + NOT + Vparticipio	Have/Has + Suj + Vparticipio ?
I have played He has eaten	They haven't studied	Has it rained?
Yo he jugado Él ha comido	Ellos no han estudiado	¿Ha llovido?
BEEN/GONE They have been to London They have gone to London Ellos han estado en Londres Ellos han ido a Londres Han ido y vuelto Han ido y "NO" han vuelto
PARTÍCULAS DE PRESENT PERFECT PARTÍCULA SIGNIFICADO EJEMPLO For Desde hace (Duración) cuanto duró la acción I have been in León for 17 years He estado en León desde hace 17 años Since Desde (Inicio) cuando empezó la acción I have been in León since 2000 He estado en León desde el 2000 Just Acabar de I have just finished my homework Acabo de terminar los deberes Already Ya I have already seen that film Yo ya he visto esa película Yet Todavía I haven't eaten yet No he comido todavía Ever Alguna vez Have you ever eaten snake? Never Nunca I have never eaten snake
PRESENT PERFECT + IT'S A LONG TIME SINCE + PAST SIMPLE I haven't been to a concert for a long time It's a long time since I went to a concert

PAST SIMPLE/PRESENT PERFECT
PAST SIMPLE	PRESENT PERFECT
Last Yesterday Ago When In + fecha (años) On + días	For Since Yet Already Just Still (todavía) Look! Listen! Ever Never Exclamaciones How long This Once Twice Lately

PAST SIMPLE/PAST PERFECT
PAST SIMPLE	PAST PERFECT
Es más reciente en el tiempo	Es más antigua en el tiempo
Before... By the time... (para cuando)	After...
Past Simple... , Past Perfect...	Past Perfect... , Past Simple...
Before I brushed my teeth, I had had breakfast	After I had had breakfast, I brushed my teeth
Before he took a plane, he had left	After he had left, he took a plane

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS
AFIRMATIVA	NEGATIVA	INTERROGATIVA
Suj + Have/Has + Been + Ving	Suj + Have/Has + NOT + Been + Ving	Have/Has + Suj + Been + Ving ?
I have been studying all the morning	I haven't been studying all the morning	Have you been studying all the morning
Llevo estudiando...
Para indicar una acción que se ha estado realizando un cierto tiempo
CCT => Toda la mañana / semana / año ...
Present Perfect => still, just, already, for, since

---

FUTURE SIMPLE
AFIRMATIVA	NEGATIVA	INTERROGATIVA
Suj + Will + V	Suj + Will + NOT + V	Will + Suj + V ?
I will play (I'll play)	He won't go	Will it rain?
Yo jugaré	Él no irá	¿LLoverá?

BE GOING TO
AFIRMATIVA	NEGATIVA	INTERROGATIVA
Suj + Am/Are/Is + Going to + V	Suj + Am/Are/Is + NOT + Going to + V	Am/Are/Is + Suj + Going to + V
I'm going to play football	They aren't going to study	Is it going to snow
Ir a
Yo voy a jugar al fútbol	Ellos no van a estudiar	¿Va a nevar?

WILL / BE GOING TO / PRESENT CONTINOUS
WILL	BE GOING TO	PRESENT CONTINOUS
Futuro lejano => In 2050... Decisiones espontáneas => I'll answer the phone Oraciones subordinadas => I'm sure, Probably I/People think/believe (that) I promise	Futuro cercano => I'm going to have dinner later Planeado => This weekend I'm going to fly to Paris Acciones inminentes => It is going to rain	Futuro muy cercano => This afternoon, weekend Planificado Resuelto (a la espera de que llegue el día)
In the future people will live in the Moon It is hot. I will open the window I think that he will come soon	This weekend we are going to play football In April we are going to travel to Cadiz It is going to rain	I'm going to the cinema this Wednesday (Ya tengo las entradas) I'm going to go to the cinema this Wednesday (Tengo la intención de ir, pero todavía no he comprado las entradas)

FUTURE CONTINOUS
AFIRMATIVA	NEGATIVA	INTERROGATIVA
Indica una acción que estarás haciendo en el futuro
Suj + Will + Be + Ving	Suj + Won't + Be + Ving	Will + Suj + Be + Ving
I will be playing football this afternoon	I won't be having dinner with my cousin	Will you be going to the cinema ?
Yo estaré jugando...	Yo no estaré cenando...	¿Tú estarás yendo al cine?

FUTURE PERFECT
AFIRMATIVA	NEGATIVA	INTERROGATIVA
Suj + Will + Have + Vparticipio	Suj + Won't + Have + Vparticipio	Will + Suj + Have + Vparticipio
I will have flown for eight hours by this time tomorrow (Una acción que habrá terminado en el futuro)
By this time next week I will have finished my work (De aquí a la semana que viene habré terminado)

FUTURE EXPRESSIONS
When + Presente, Futuro	Would like to + Verb
When we go to the beach, we will have a bath	I would like to go to the concert
Cuando vayamos... , nos bañaremos	Me gustaría ir al concierto

---

CONDITIONALS
TIPO 0	TIPO 1	TIPO 2	TIPO 3
Verdades universales/ obvias	Probables	Improbables	Imposibles
If Present Simple, Present (modals)	If Present Simple, Future Simple	If Past Simple, Would	If Past Perfect, Would Have + Vparticipio
	If it rains, I won't go out	If it rained, I would stay at home If I were you (si yo fuera tú)	If it had rained, I would have stayed
	Me quedaré en casa, si llueve	Si lloviese, me quedaría en casa	Si hubiese llovido, me habría quedado

CONDITIONAL CONECTORS
IF	UNLESS
Si	A no ser que / A menos que
If you study, you will pass	Unless you study, you won't pass

MIXED CONDITIONALS
If + past perfect, would verb
Se usa cuando la acción pasada (que ya no cambia) influye en la situación actual
I feel terrible because I lost my smartphone yesterday

---

I WISH
Ojalá
I wish + Past Simple	I wish + Past Perfect	I wish + Would
Expresa un deseo que tienes que se puede cumplir	Está claro que no sucedió	Siempre se trata de un deseo referido a otra persona
I wish I got the job	I wish I had passed the text	I wish you would study more
Ojalá consiga el trabajo	Ojalá hubiera aprobado	Ojalá estudiases más

---

USED TO
Used to | Would	Be used to + Ving	Get used to + Ving
Solía	Estar acostumbrado a	Acostumbrarse a
I used to play football	I am used to studying a lot	Lucía is getting used to studying more
I would play football when I was S
I didn't use to + V
Did you use to...

---

SO / SUCH
So + adjetivo	Such + adjetivo
Tan	Tan / semejantes
So tall	Such cars
Tan alto	Tales coches
	Such + sustantivo
	Such a big car
	Un coche tan grande
So....that	Such....that
Tan....que
So tall that	Such big cars that ...

---

EITHER / NEITHER
Either...or	Neither...nor
o...o	ni...ni
Either black or grey	Neither Sarah nor Tom

---

MODAL VERBS
No tienen todos los tiempos verbales NOT La interrogativa se hace con inversión Can I ? No se declinan I can He can Van seguidos de otro verbo en infinitivo sin TO I can play En el infinitivo no llevan TO
MUST Deducción / Obligación Deber He must be the brother MUSTN'T Prohibición No debes Para normas, reglas ... Solo existe en presente
HAVE TO Incumple todas las características de los modales Have to Had to Don't   doesn't   didn't   + have to Do / Does   Did .. S + have to ? I have to..   He has to Tener que Sustituye al must I have to study DON'T HAVE TO = NEEDN'T No hace falta / No es necesario You don't have to study
DIFERENCIA ENTRE MUST Y HAVE TO MUST HAVE TO Se usa para expresar opiniones personales y sentimientos Se puede utilizar para el presente o el futuro pero nunca en pasado Se usa para una obligación fuerte Se usa para expresar hechos no sentimientos personales I must remember buy Lucia a present She must do it next week You have to stop at red light
CAN Habilidad Poder I can speak English Premisa informal Can I open the window Verbos que siempre van con can: understand,  feel,  see,  hear,   taste,   smell,   remember COULD Pude / Podría Peter could pass English CAN'T Deducción He can't be her brother BE ABLE TO Esfuerzo Ser capaz de Conjuga: presente, pasado, futuro y participio I will be able to visit you SHOULD = OUGHT TO Consejo moral Deberías You should study more MAY Pasado : MIGHT Duda Puede ser / Quizá

POSSIBILITY	I'M SURE	HARDLY IMPOSSIBLE	IMPOSSIBLE	PERHAPS
May	Must	Can't	Can´t	May
Might				Might
Could				Could
Can

MODAL PERFECT
MODAL + HAVE + Vparticipio
She can have been ill Ella puede haber estado enferma
They must have cancelled Ellos deben de haberlo cancelado
She may have eaten the cake Ella puede que haya comido la tarta
She should have told you Ella debería de habertelo contado

---

ADJECTIVES -ED / -ING
Adjectives -ed	Adjectives +ing
El sujeto es una persona	El sujeto no es una persona
I am bored	The book is boring
Estoy aburrido	El libro es aburrido

VERBS -ED / -ING
Verbs + ing	To + Verb
Detrás de preposiciones (for, of, about, at, in..) I think about going out A principio de palabra (SUSTANTIVO SUJETO) Playing is good for your health Detrás de ciertos verbos: Love,   Like,   Hate (odiar),   Enjoy,   Mind (importar),   Keep,   Suggest,   Be,   Avoid,   Reminded,   Prefer,   Forget (futuro),   Recommend (sugerencia),   Finish,   Deny (negar),   Fancy (apetecer),   Admit,   Quit,   Prevent,   Miss (echar de menos),   Spend,  Waste,   Detest Detrás de expersiones como: Can't stop (no poder parar), Can't help (no poder evitar), Can't stand (no poder soportar), Can't bear (no soportar) Look forward to (esperar algo con ilusión), Be used to Get used to Admit to Object to It's no use (no tiene sentido), It's wearth (merece la pena)	Detrás de adjetivos: Easy,   Difficult,   Lucky,   Happy   Afford (adj) It is easy to play football Detrás de verbos: Want,   Decide,   Learn,   Choose,   Need,   Used,   Hope,   Promise,   Allow,   Remind,   Offered,   Make (sin to),   Let (sin to),   Seem,   Would prefer / like / love / hate,   Forget (pasado),   Arrange,   Fail,   Swear,   Refuse,   Afford,   Claim,   Expect (esperar) He wants to play Detrás de ciertos sustantivos: Decision,   Advice,  Privilege,  Ability,   Chance,   Refusal,   Way,   Order Con too y enough Con las subordinadas finales: To,   So as to,   In order to,   Can't afford to

REMEMBER / FORGET		STOP		REGRET
+ ING	TO + V	+ ING	TO + V	+ ING	TO + V
Algo pasado	Algo futuro	Dejas de hacer algo	Paras para hacer algo	Algo pasado	Lamentamos comunicarle + save/tell/inform
He remembered buying food	Remember to buy food tomorrow	He stopped smoking Él dejó de fumar	He stopped to smoke Él paró para fumar	Gina now regrets going to the party last week	I regret to inform you that your son has failed the exam
TRY		GO ON		NEED
+ ING	TO + V	+ ING	TO + V	+ ING	TO + V
Hacer algo para averiguar lo que ocurre	Para intentar hacer algo	Continuar con una actividad que ya estabas haciendo	Hacer algo para hacer otra cosa	Pasiva (el sujeto no realiza la acción)	Activa
She decided she would try living in Paris	He tried his best to solve the problem	He went on reading	He went on to become a great singer	This sofa needs mending	I need to work
LIKE / WOULD LIKE		MEAN
+ ING	TO + V	+ ING	TO + V	+ ING	TO + V
Preferencias (LIKE)	Cuando encuentras algo que te gusta	El resultado de algo	Intento
I like playing football	I like to sleep at the weekends	That means accepting the result	I have been meaning to call you all morning

---

REPORTED SPEECH
E.D: Abby said: "I played tennis yesterday"
E.I: Abby said (that) she had played tennis the previous day
Cuando el verbo introductorio está en presente simple, present perfect y futuro el verbo en estilo indirecto no cambia.
Solo cambian los pronombres
He says: "I am ill" He says that he is ill He has said: "I am ill" He has said that he is ill He will say: "I am ill" He will say that he is ill
PRONOMBRES P.P P.C A.P P.D P.R I => He/She We => They Me => Him / Her Us => Them My => His / Her Our => Their Mine => His / Hers Ours => Theirs Myself => Himself / Herself Ourselves => Themselves
VERBOS E.D E.I Present Simple Past Simple Present Continous Past Continous Past / Present Perfect Past Perfect Futuro (Will) Condicional (Would) Can Could May Might Have to Had to Must Must / Had to
ADVERBIOS E.D E.I Now Then Here There This That These Those Ago Before Today That day Tonight That night Tomorrow The next day / The following day Yesterday The previous day / The day before Last The last Next The next The following month The month after

REPORTED QUESTIONS
He said: "What are they doing now" He asked what they were doing then
He said: "Will I see you tomorrow?" He asked if he would see you the next day

---

PASSIVE
PRESENTE	PASADO	PRESENTE CONTINUO
Sujeto + Am / Is / Are + Vparticipio	Sujeto + Was / Were + Vparticipio	Sujeto + Am / Is / Are + Being + Vparticipio
He eats apples Apples are eaten by him	He ate apples Apples were eaten (by him)
No ponemos C.Agente cuando el sujeto es: Pron.Personal (I, you, he, she) Pron.Indefinido (someone, anybody)
He gave Mary a present A present was given to Mary (by him) Mary was given a present (by him)
ACTIVA PASIVA Play Is / Are played Is eating Is being eaten Ate Was / Were eaten Was eating Was being eaten Have eaten Have been eaten Had eaten Had been eaten Will eat Will be eaten Will be eating Will be being eaten Is going to eat Is going to be eaten Would eat Would be eaten Would have eaten Would have been eaten

PASIVA REFLEJA
Siempre estamos hablando de oraciones subordinadas
They say People believe We think
People believe that he is rich
People believe that IT
1. Sustituimos la subordinada por IT Pasamos el verbo de la principal a pasiva Se pone la subordinada tal cual
It is said (that) he is rich
2. Ponemos el sujeto de la subordinada Pasamos el verbo de la principal a pasiva El verbo de la subordinada a infinitivo Si el verbo de la subordinada está en pasado se pone: to have + vparticipio Ej. They say that he was rich He is said to have been rich

---

PURPOSE CLAUSE
Sujeto principal = Sujeto subordinada	Sujeto principal ≠ Sujeto subordinada
Nexos	Nexos
(not) to so as (not) to in order (not) to	so that
Para	Para que
Preposición + Ving
He came to stay (Él vino para quedarse)	He came so that we met him

---

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
+	-	-	¿?
Someone (alguien)	Anyone (nadie)	No one (nadie)	Anyone (nadie)	Everyone (todos)
Somebody (alguien)	Anybody (nadie)	Nobody (nadie)	Anybody (nadie)	Everybody (todos)
Something (algo)	Anything (nada)	Nothing (nada)	Anything (nada)	Everything (toda)
Somewhere (algún lugar)	Anywhere (ningún lugar)	Nowhere (ningún lugar)	Anywhere (ningún lugar)	Everywhere (todos los lugares)
There is somebody at the door	There isn't anybody at the door	There is nobody at the door (+enfásis)	Is there anybody at the door?	There is everybody at the door

---

A / AN / THE / NO ARTICLE
A / AN	THE	NO ARTICLE
Para sustantivos contables en singular cuando nos referimos a ello por primera vez Se pone siempre delante de profesiones u oficios	Se utiliza cuando hablas del sustantivo por segunda vez	Cuando pones un número inespecífico Delante de nombres de ciudades, calles, plazas, parques Nombre de países menos los que lleven "the" implícito Nombre de continentes, lagos Nombre de meses y días de la semana Delante de next y de last Delante de las comidas Delante de los idiomas Delante de las instituciones (colegios, universidades, hospitales) Delante de expresiones como bed, home, class, work Delante de materiales (plástico) Delante de sustantivos abstractos Go by seguido de un medio de transporte Las expresiones de play referido a un deporte Títulos Detrás de los posesivos (my, your, his, her)

---

BOTH
Both of the students	Both of them	Them all
Both + and

---

HAD BETTER
Had Better	Será mejor que
Had better + inf (sin to)	I'd better leave now
Had better not + inf (sin to)	I had better not leave

---

IT'S TIME
It's time	Es hora de
It's time to go	Es hora de marcharnos
It's time + suj + past simple	It's time you went to bed

---

QUESTION TAGS

---

HAVE CAUSATIVO
HAVE/GET + CD + Vparticipio
I have painted my room	I have my room painted
I am having my room painted
I had my room painted
I will have my room painted
I have had my room painted
I had had my room painted
I was having my room painted
Casos especiales:
1. GET + OBJECT + TO + INFINITIVO
Persuade,   convince,   encourage LUCÍA PERSUADED HIM TO GET A 10 IN HER EXAM
MAKE + OBJECT + BARE INFINITIVE (inf sin to)
INSIST,   FORCE,  REQUIRE LUCIA MADE YOREL TEACH HER ON SUNDAY
HAVE + OBJECT + BARE INFINITIVE
ASK,   GIVE MERCE ASKED LUCÍA (TO) DO THE EXERCISES

---

ADJETIVOS Y ADVERBIOS MODIFICADORES
El adjetivo modifica a sustantivos y pronombres	He bought a beautiful car / He was tired
Los adjetivos se utilizan detrás de: appear, be, become, get, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste	He feels good
El adverbio modifica al verbo	The boy smiles nervously
El adverbio modifica al adjetivo	It was awfully cold
El adverbio modifica al adverbio	It grows incredibly quickly

---

VERY / ABSOLUTELY
Con el very van los normalitos	Con el absolutely van los extremos
Hungry	Great
Funny	Hilarious
Interesting	Amazed
Boring	Riveting
Good	Exhausted
Tired	Enormous
Predictable	Fantastic
Ugly	Furious
Angry	Awful
Frightening	Horrific
Moving	Thrilled

---

WOULD RATHER / WOULD PREFER
WOULD RATHER	WOULD PREFER
Would rather + infinitivo (sin to) I would rather have a coffee	Would prefer + infinitivo (to) I would prefer to have a coffee
Would rather + not + infinitivo (sin to) I would rather not have a coffee	Would prefer + sust I would prefer a coffee
Would rather + pronombre + past simple	Would prefer + pronombre + past simple
Would sooner + infinitivo (sin to) => Lo mismo que el would rather (menos común)	Prefer + to + sust + to I prefer boys to girls
	Would prefer + infinitivo (to) + rather than (en vez de) Michael would prefer to play football rather than do this homework

LIKE / AS
As (seguido de oficios)	Look like
She has a job as a publisher.	Do you think Robert looks like his father
Regard + as + sust	Like (como si fuera)
Helen is regarded as a saint by many of her followers.	Eddie Muller is the assistant manager. Like the manager (Joe Dole), he also has to be a very responsible person.

ORDEN DE LOS ADVERBIOS
Modo, lugar, frecuencia, tiempo, proposito (encabezados por el to)
Opinión, tamaño, forma, edad, color, origen (gentilicio), material

Ir al inicio